From the pathways people walk on to the machines they use, every detail matters in creating a secure environment. This guide provides a comprehensive resource for people who are dedicated to the development of more sustainable and safer environments, as it delves into the principles, practical applications, and global benchmarks of DfS.
The Evolution of DfS in Singapore
The roots of Design for Safety (DfS) trace back to the global push for enhanced workplace safety during the late 20th century. The construction industry, being one of the most hazardous sectors, became a focal point for integrating safety into design processes. The concept gained momentum in the UK during the 1990s with the introduction of the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 1994, which emphasized the role of designers in preventing workplace injuries. This framework inspired similar initiatives worldwide, including Singapore.
The introduction of the Workplace Safety and Health Act (WSH Act) established the groundwork, shifting the emphasis from reactive compliance to proactive risk management. The DfS Regulations, which were implemented in 2015, also formalized the role of Design for Safety Professionals (DfSPs) making them essential in ensuring compliance and proactive risk management. These regulations were a groundbreaking accomplishment and have since become a cornerstone of the nation’s efforts to achieve Vision Zero – a goal of zero workplace injuries and fatalities. They addressed long-standing safety deficiencies by ensuring that prospective hazards are mitigated prior to their occurrence on-site. Singapore’s dedication to the development of secure and resilient environments is shown by its commitment to promoting DfS, which has established an international standard.
Design for Safety (DfS): The Basics
Early Identification
A fundamental component of DfS is the identification of hazards during the conceptual and detailed design phases. Early identification enables stakeholders, designers, and DfSPs to proactively mitigate potential risks before they are integrated into the project.For example, the identification of risks associated with work-at-height during the initial layout planning of a high-rise building can result in the development of anchor points or interior installation methods that reduce the risk of falls. This method guarantees that safety considerations are integrated into the project from the beginning, thereby preventing costly modifications during later stages. Not only is early identification cost-effective, but it is also essential for preventing incidents that can arise from hazards that are not detected.
Lifecycle Thinking
DfS advocates for a comprehensive perspective on safety, which includes the asset’s entire lifecycle, from construction and operation to maintenance and demolition. Just like planning for a child’s education requires thinking from preschool to college, lifecycle thinking in design ensures safety is considered from start to finish. This approach promises that safety is not an afterthought; rather, it is integrated into each stage of the asset’s operation. For instance, the safety of maintenance teams during routine inspections is ensured by the design of a factory with unobstructed, clearly marked pathways. In a similar situation, the integration of deconstruction strategies during the design phase can mitigate hazards that could happen during the demolition phase. The focus of lifecycle thinking is shifted from temporary safety repairs to enduring solutions that benefit all stakeholders over time.
Collaborative Approach
Imagine a team where the architect, engineer, and contractor are like players on a soccer field, passing the ball strategically to score one goal: safety. DfS was established on the principle of collaboration, which prioritises the collaborative efforts of developers, designers, design for safety professionals (DfSP), contractors, architects, civil and structural engineers, mechanical and electrical professionals, sustainability experts, and other stakeholders. For instance, architects can create layouts that minimise blind areas, while structural engineers assure the stability and durability of load-bearing components. By enabling teams to visualise hazards and test mitigation strategies in a shared digital environment, collaborative tools like Building Information Modelling (BIM) support this process. BIM facilitates the alignment of safety objectives across all disciplines and the efficient communication of information, thus minimising misunderstandings and insuring the cohesive implementation of safety measures.
Hierarchy of Controls
A structured framework for prioritising hazard mitigation methods is provided by the Hierarchy of Controls. This principle provides that the most effective solutions—those that address hazards at their source—are implemented first.
Elimination: The complete removal of a hazard, such as the design of a machine layout that prevents abrupt corners.
Substitution: The substitution of hazardous materials with safer alternatives, such as the use of non-toxic solvents in place of harmful compounds.
Engineering Controls: The implementation of tangible safety measures, such as the design of machinery with automatic shut-off mechanisms or the installation of guardrails.
Administrative Controls: Implementing policies and training programs to mitigate risk, such as rotating employees to prevent repetitive strain injuries.
Personal protective equipment (PPE): Helmets, gloves, and harnesses comprise personal protective equipment (PPE), which functions as the last line of defence against residual hazards.
In a certain case, it is more sustainable and reliable to design guardrails for elevated platforms (an engineering control) than to rely exclusively on personal protective equipment (PPE).
Informed Decision-Making
Robust data, comprehensive risk assessments, and thorough hazard identification should serve as the foundation for DfS decisions. This entails the assessment of potential hazards, the assessment of their impact, and the evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of mitigation measures. This process is furthered by the utilisation of historical data from comparable projects, which offers valuable insights into effective strategies and common hazards. For example, the examination of historical incidents in high-rise construction can identify trends in work-at-height hazards, which can inform more effective design decisions, such as internal installation methods. Informed decision-making ensures that safety measures are both practical and consistent with the project’s objectives.
Regulatory Compliance
It is necessary to comply with the Workplace Safety and Health (Design for Safety) Regulations 2015 in order to ensure both ethical responsibility and legal compliance. These regulations require that safety be taken into account during the design phase, particularly for high-risk projects that exceed SGD 10 million. The organization’s reputation is enhanced and a safety-first culture is fostered by compliance, which not only reduces the risk of legal penalties but also demonstrates a commitment to public well-being and worker safety.
Real-World Applications of DfS
Orchard Road Façade Installation
In an active urban area such as Orchard Road, construction projects located close to pedestrian walkways present substantial safety hazards. There was an elevated risk of machinery or panels collapsing during the installation of façade panels, which could lead to severe injuries or fatalities for pedestrians. To resolve this issue, the project team implemented a provisional rerouting of the pedestrian walkway to ensure that it was situated outside the façade line during the installation process. This proactive solution reduced the likelihood of pedestrians being exposed to potential hazards. The result was the successful prevention of injuries and the establishment of a secure environment for the public. This case demonstrates the importance of incorporating public safety considerations into the planning and design of construction projects.
High-Rise Construction Safety
The risk of worker falls during high-rise construction activities is frequently elevated by the implementation of façade panels at significant heights. The designers of this project devised an innovative solution by establishing connection sites that could be installed from the interior of the building rather than from the exterior. Workers’ exposure to hazards associated with heights was substantially diminished by this approach. The outcome was a significant increase in the safety of workers during the installation process and a reduction in the number of accidents that occurred on the site. This example emphasizes the direct impact of planned design modifications on safer working conditions.
Green Roof Design Without Parapet Walls
Green roofs offer a variety of environmental advantages; however, their exposed edgescan be hazardous to maintenance workers. Workers were at a higher risk of falling during routine maintenance in the absence of parapet walls. In order to reduce this risk, the project team implemented a variety of safety measures, such as the implementation of automated irrigation systems, guardrails, lifelines, and toe boards. These interventions significantly reduced the risk of falls by reducing the necessity for manual maintenance and securing access areas. The result was a more secure environment for maintenance workers and an enhancement in the overall sustainability of the project. This case illustrates the ability of design solutions to achieve a harmonious equilibrium between safety, aesthetics, and functionality.
High-Rise Cat Ladder at Roof Edge
Cat ladders are frequently employed by maintenance workers to gain access to the roofs of high-rise structures; however, they pose a substantial fall hazard when situated near the roof’s edges. In one instance, the existing balustrades were replaced with metal grills, which served as a secure barrier that prevented workers from collapsing while operating the ladder. This straightforward yet efficient design modification improved the safety of workers during routine maintenance tasks. The result highlighted the significance of addressing even apparently insignificant risks during the design phase, as they can have a substantial effect on worker safety.
Safety in Detention Tank Maintenance
The probability of asphyxiation is significantly increased in confined spaces, such as stormwater detention tanks, where maintenance workers are exposed to significant risks as a result of inadequate fresh air supply. In order to lessen this risk, the project integrated numerous access hatches into the tank’s design, thereby enhancing the enter and exit points. All hatches were opened during maintenance, and a forced ventilation system was implemented to assure a consistent supply of fresh air. These measures reduced the likelihood of oxygen deficiency and noxious gas accumulation, which created a safer work environment for employees. This case emphasises the significance of incorporating strategic safety measures into the design process to effectively mitigate the risks associated with confined spaces.
Comparisons of DfS Applications Across Industries
| Industry | Applications | Key DfS Measures | Benefits |
| Construction | High-rise buildings, public infrastructure projects, projects above SGD 10 million. | Fall protection through guardrails and safety harness points.
Safe construction sequencing. |
Reduced fall-related accidents.
Improved worker safety in high-risk environments. |
| Manufacturing | Factory layouts designed to minimize worker risks during operations and material handling. | Safe placement of machinery.
Emergency exits. Dedicated walkways for heavy machinery zones. |
Reduced collisions and injuries.
Enhanced emergency evacuation efficiency. |
| Transport Infrastructure | Public transportation stations incorporating safety in design and operations. | Emergency exits and fireproof materials.
Flood barriers. 1.1m height barriers. |
Improved passenger safety.
Reduced flood and fire risks. Prevention of falls. |
| Healthcare | Hospitals and medical facilities designed for safety and infection control. | Handrails and anti-slip barriers.
Safe maintenance access. Infection control systems. |
Fewer accidents and injuries.
Better infection prevention. Improved accessibility. |
| Oil and Gas | Offshore platforms and facilities designed for operational safety and emergency scenarios. | Safer rig designs.
Emergency escape routes. Fire safety measures. Barriers and handrails. |
Minimized fall hazards.
Improved emergency preparedness. Reduced fire risks. |
Tools and Technology for DFS
Building Information Modeling (BIM)
A digital tool used for hazard visualization and risk analysis during the design phase, often utilized by Design for Safety Professionals (DfSPs) to facilitate safer design planning.
- 3D models of project designs.
- Simulation of construction sequences.
- Identification of potential hazards.
Preventing structural failures and clashes by detecting design issues before the construction begins.
VR Simulations
Immersive technology for training and hazard identification, particularly in complex environments.
- 4D and 5D simulations for detailed visualisation.
- Realistic scenarios for toolbox meetings and training.
Demonstrating safe installation methods and showing construction sequences to reduce on-site accidents.
IoT Devices
Sensors and devices for real-time monitoring of site conditions. Monitoring stress in high-rise construction to identify and mitigate potential structural failures.
- Tracks structural stress, settlement, and vibrations.
- Tools include piezometers, crack markers, and inclinometers.
Drones
Aerial devices for remote inspections, particularly in hazardous areas or for areas that are hard to reach.
- Inspects facades, detects cracks, and assesses barriers.
- Captures data from elevated or confined spaces.
Different ways companies apply DfS
In-house Implementation
Through its profoundly ingrained safety culture and operational practices, Turner Construction implements a comprehensive safety management strategy that is comparable to Design for Safety (DfS). Turner’s methodologies, which emphasize worker empowerment and preemptive safety measures, are consistent with the principles of DfS, despite not being explicitly named as such. They surpass compliance by profoundly integrating safety into the company’s ethos through training programs that guarantee that all team members are capable of proactively identifying and mitigating risks.
The company employs technologies such as Building Information Modelling (BIM) to enable the early identification of potential hazards during the design phase, thereby substantially reducing risks prior to the commencement of construction. This proactive utilization of technology significantly reduces the likelihood of workplace accidents by improving the efficacy of their safety protocols.
Additionally, Turner broadens its safety emphasis to include the overall well-being of its employees, providing mental health and wellness programs to recognize that a healthy workforce is a safer workforce. They establish a high standard in the industry by effectively integrating comprehensive safety practices that closely align with DfS principles, albeit under a different name, through the use of an effective system of safety metrics to continuously refine their processes.
| Advantages | Disadvantages |
| The safety protocols are directly relevant to the challenges faced by the teams as a result of customization to meet the specific requirements of the company.
Not only does the development of internal safety expertise improve project outcomes, but it also contributes to industry-wide safety standards. |
Such an extensive focus on safety can be resource-intensive, requiring significant investment in training programs and technology.
Continuous training is necessary to keep all employees up to date with the latest safety standards and technologies, which can be challenging to sustain. |
Outsourcing to specialized agencies
RED Engineering (RED) conducted a thorough study for a hotel project in Singapore, which was pivotal in guaranteeing the technical and operational feasibility of the MEP (Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing) systems. This entailed a comprehensive evaluation and review of the current MEP system to evaluate its overall condition, efficacy, and performance. RED identified possible shortcomings and areas for improvement by conducting comprehensive evaluations of equipment functionality, energy consumption, and maintenance records. They effectively addressed the risks and challenges encountered by the project by providing high-level solutions, cost estimates for system replacements, and sustainability evaluations.
| Advantages | Disadvantages |
| By outsourcing to an agency such as RED, the hotel is able to capitalize on external resources, thereby eliminating the necessity of maintaining an in-house team with comparable expertise. This can result in substantial cost savings and improved project management efficiency. | Dependence on an external agency can result in a complicated situation if the service quality declines or the agency is no longer available in the future. In order to mitigate this risk, it is necessary to establish explicit contracts and effective communication. |
Challenges and Solutions of Implementing DFS
If DFS is truly necessary, why do people still not incorporate it?
Many people are hesitant to use DfS because they believe it will greatly raise the cost of the project. It is unfortunate but particularly true in cost-sensitive projects, where many stakeholders see safety measures more as costs than investments and are hence hesitant to implement DfS techniques. On the other hand, not everyone on a project team, including designers, contractors, developers, or others, has a firm grasp of DfS since it is a niche idea. Project risks could increase due to insufficient or incorrect execution of safety measures caused by a lack of knowledge and experience, highlighting the importance of involving DfSP early in the project. Safety considerations often require design modifications that can conflict with architectural aesthetics or cause delays, leading to resistance from design teams and clients.
To overcome these issues:
Although situations will vary for different projects, it is crucial to involve stakeholders at the start of the design phase in order to overcome resistance. Stakeholders are more inclined to endorse safety initiatives when they are presented with transparent data regarding the long-term cost savings and advantages of implementing DfS, including reduced accident-related downtime, legal compliance, and improved reputation. This method ensures that safety is a shared priority by aligning it with financial and operational objectives.
Targeted training programs for teams are essential for addressing knowledge gaps. Stakeholders should be informed about the principles of DFS, regulatory requirements, and practical applications through these programs. Training guarantees that every worker associated with the project, including designers and contractors, is capable of recognizing hazards, formulating viable mitigation strategies, and using tools such as Building Information Modelling (BIM), Virtual Reality (VR), and risk assessment software. These technologies enable teams to develop improved method statements, test solutions, risk ranking, and visualise safety concerns without sacrificing the quality of the design.
DfS Review Meetings
DfS reviews are divided broadly based on 3 project stages, namely Concept Design, Detailed Design and Pre-construction stages. IIt is important to acknowledge that DfS Reviews cannot be conducted at a late stage, and design for safety professionals play a key role in ensuring these meetings take place at the right time. The BIM model can be utilizedutilised to facilitate the DfS Review Meetings, provided that it is accessible. It offers the visual effects that promote the identification of hazards.
The recommended guide for meetings are:
Note – There should be additional meetings as every project and design varies.
Risk Assessments
Note: There are other ways for risk analysis but below is the basic, simple explanation of commonly used risk matrix.
Typically, risks must be minimized to the extent that is reasonably practicable. In addition to the costs and benefits of action, the concept of ALARP (as low as reasonably possible) encompasses the concepts of practicality and the value of action in the given circumstances. As a general rule, hazards that are classified as “high” are deemed intolerable. The expectation is that they must be reduced unless the cost of reducing the risk is greatly outweighed by the benefits obtained. The “medium” band is characterised by the application of control measures that are balanced against potential adverse consequences, taking into consideration costs and benefits. The “low” band is defined as a zone in which the risks are negligible or so minor that no risk treatment measures are required.
Sustainability and DfS
In a world increasingly focused on sustainability, wouldn’t it be ideal if our buildings not only protected us but also protected the planet? That’s where DfS shines. Sustainability in DfS necessitates the selection of materials that are either recyclable or reusable. A prominent example is green concrete, which is the use of recycled aggregates or industrial byproducts. Similarly, the total quantity of material required can be reduced while maintaining structural integrity by utilizing larger-diameter rebars or higher-strength steel. Or designing energy-efficient systems, such as optimized HVAC layouts and renewable energy solutions, reduces operational emissions.
Projects can reduce the burden on natural resources and promote the circular economy by prioritizing such materials, therefore minimizing environmental degradation.
The DfS framework is consistent with the Green Mark certification of the Building and Construction Authority (BCA) of Singapore, which assesses the environmental performance of buildings. Both initiatives prioritize designs that are both energy-efficient and sustainable. For instance, the criteria for reduced maintenance requirements established by Green Mark are complemented by DfS’s emphasis on lifecycle safety, as safer designs frequently necessitate fewer resources for maintenance. Projects that are consistent with both frameworks have the potential to earn higher Green Mark classifications, such as Gold, Star, or Platinum, which are indicative of their dedication to sustainability and safety.
Finding the Right Design for Safety Professional (DfSP)
Selecting the right Design for Safety Professional (DfSP) is crucial for ensuring compliance with Singapore’s Workplace Safety and Health Regulations and implementing effective hazard mitigation strategies. A qualified DfSP not only provides expert guidance but also facilitates collaboration between stakeholders, ensuring that safety considerations are proactively addressed at every stage of the project.
If you’re looking for experienced Design for Safety Professionals (DfSPs) in Singapore, Mosaic Safety offers comprehensive DfS services, including regulatory compliance, risk assessments, and DfS facilitation.
Take a look at https://mosaicsafety.com.sg/services/design-for-safety-professional/ for more information!
Conclusion
Safety isn’t just a requirement; it’s a responsibility we all share. It’s crucial to recognize that investing in safety is not just a regulatory requirement; it is a strategic necessity. The costs of accidents, both financial and reputational, far outweigh the initial investments in DfS measures. By adopting DfS and working closely with Design for Safety Professionals (DfSP), companies can safeguard their workforce, reduce liabilities, and reinforce their commitment to building a safer and more sustainable future. The time to act is now. Design safely, prioritize sustainability, and lead by example.
References
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Shu Hui, M., Asmone, A., & Yang, M. (2020, May 27). Challenges for DfS in Singapore. National University of Singapore. https://cde.nus.edu.sg/dbe/2020/05/challenges-for-dfs-in-singapore/
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